Our findings suggest that homoeopathic dose (specially mother tincture) of Symphytum officinale has the potential to enhance osteogenesis.īone healing Gene expression Homoeopathy Mesenchymal stem cells Osteoblasts Osteogenesis Symphytum officinale Traditional medicine Asia & Oceania.Ĭopyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. Interestingly, gene expression analysis for Runx-2 (n = 10), Osteopontin (n = 10), Osteocalcin (n = 10) and alkaline phosphatase activity (n = 8) also showed increased osteogenesis with the addition of Symphytum officinale to BDM, specially mother tincture. ![]() The efficiency of osteogenic differentiation (2 weeks) for different doses of Symphytum officinale was determined by flow cytometry (n = 10) for osteoblast marker, Osteocalcin, and most doses of Symphytum officinale enhanced osteogenesis. MTT assay showed that the selected doses of SO did not induce any cytotoxicity in MSCs (24 hours). Gene expression analyses for osteoblast markers (Runx-2, Osteopontin and Osteocalcin) were evaluated in differentiated osteoblasts using qPCR.įlow cytometry (CD90, CD105) detected MSCs isolated from bone marrow (93-98%). ![]() Different homoeopathic doses of SO (MT, 3C, 6C, 12C and 30C) were added to the basic differentiation medium (BDM) and efficiency of MSCs differentiating into osteoblasts were measured by evaluating expression of Osteocalcin using flow cytometry, and alkaline phosphatase activity using ELISA. Osteogenic differentiation was induced in MSCs with β-glycerophosphate, ascorbic acid and dexamethasone over 2 weeks. ![]() Cytotoxicity of SO was evaluated by MTT assay. MSCs were isolated, expanded and characterized by flow cytometry (CD90, CD105). This study aimed to determine if homoeopathic doses of SO could augment osteogenesis in MSCs as they differentiate into osteoblasts in vitro.īone marrow samples were obtained from patients who underwent bone grafting procedures (n = 15). Symphytum officinale (SO) is a medicinal plant and in homoeopathic literature, believed to accelerate bone healing. Comfrey is generally considered unsafe, with numerous toxicological effects in animals and humans.Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells possessing regenerative potential. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released an advisory in July 2001 recommending that comfrey products be removed from the market because of cases of hepatic veno-occlusive disease. The internal or extensive topical use of comfrey cannot be recommended because of numerous reports of liver damage. Pregnancy/Lactationĭocumented adverse effects (the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, have substantial risk of causing fatal liver damage and can cause abortion). Definitely do not use during pregnancy or nursing, with infants, and if you have liver or kidney disease. Patients with hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to the plant should also avoid external use. Only recently was the use of comfrey leaves recognized as a substantial health hazard with hepatic toxicity in humans and carcinogenic potential in rodents. ContraindicationsĬomfrey is not recommended for internal use because of the liver damage caused by its pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Limited trials have evaluated the effectiveness of alkaloid-free preparations for external use however, these studies did not examine how much liver damage occurred in patients. ![]() It's found in Europe, Asia, and North America. Comfrey is an herb in the Boraginaceae family and has small purple flowers. Additionally, because its alkaloids are absorbed through the skin, use of comfrey as a poultice should not exceed an exposure of 100 mcg/day of the alkaloids. Comfrey cream combines ingredients like oils or water and glyceryl stearate with Symphytum officinale (comfrey) extracts. Oral use of comfrey is not recommended because of potential liver damage. Although not examined in clinical trials, comfrey may possess antifungal and anticancer activity. A limited number of clinical trials show short-term efficacy of topically applied, alkaloid-free comfrey preparations in skin abrasions and inflammatory conditions. Therapeutic use of comfrey is limited because of its toxicity.
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